newspeak

Contemporary shock therapy is reminiscent of the technique of applying electric eels to the heads of "possessed" patients, employed some four thousand years ago. Many new techniques in psychotherapy are based on principles of learning, but these principles governed practices long ago in Africa. For example, medicine men in western Nigeria cured nocturnal urination in boys with a technique based on the principles of classic conditioning. A toad was tied to the penis of the distressed boy. When he had yellowed his fresh linens, the toad croaked and stirred him from sleep. Modern behavior therapists have invented devices that serve a similar function. In one such device, the emission of urine completes an electric circuit that engages a small bell affixed to the head of the afflicted.

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